Ukrainian Journal of Natural Sciences

SYNTHESIS OF NEW BENZOXAZINE DERIVATIVES BY THE WITTIG REACTION

2024-01-23T10:29:08+02:00

The work is devoted to the investigation of heterocyclic compounds containing a benzoxazine ring, that belong to chalcone derivatives. This class of compounds attracts the researchers attention because because of practically valuable properties (dyes, biologically active substances) of its representatives. In addition, the presence of two electrophilic centers in chalcone molecules creates opportunities for their application for obtaining of the new heterocyclic compounds. A promising direction is exploration of the possibility of application of new chemical modifications of chalcones as potential drugs, starting reagents for further organic syntheses (particularly obtaining of nitrogen-containing heterocycles), substances having the properties of organic luminophores, etc. The possibility of synthesizing these compounds using the Wittig reaction, through the interaction ofcarbonyl compounds (aldehyde or ketone) with phosphorus ylides, which leads to the formation of an alkene and triphenylphosphine oxide, have been established. A number of aliphatic (pentanal and citral), aromatic (substituted benzaldehyde derivatives) and heterocyclic (5-nitrofurfural, 5-bromofurfural) aldehydes have been applied for the reaction. One of the criteria for the reagentsselection was the presence of such structural fragments in the reaction products that could potentially determine the physiological activity of the obtained compounds. As a result of the work performed, the conditions and peculiarities of the reactions of some aromatic aldehydes with a phosphonium salt containing the benzoxazinone cycle have been also determined. The method allows to obtain the target products bypassing the intermediate stage – the separation of alkylidenephosphorane in the individual state. A number of new substances – chalcone derivatives or their analogues containing aliphatic or heterocyclic fragments – have been synthesized, and their properties have beeninvestigated.

LIFE STRATEGIES THE MICROMYCET OF FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM WITH DIFFERENT TECHNOLOGIES GROWING IN AGROCENOSES WINTER WHEAT (TRITICUM L.)

2024-01-23T11:19:28+02:00

In the process interaction the fungi populations with varieties in agrophytocenoses, they are faced with a choice between K, r and L life strategies that change during the growing season under the influence of biotic and abiotic factors. Evaluation of the ratio the reproductive and generative phases the micromycete F. oxysporum is important in current research, which will help to determine the behavior of the micromycete during the growing season in crops. The aim of the study was to study changes in the life strategies the micromycete F. oxysporum by different technologies cultivation of winter wheat. The objects of research were the roots of winter wheat of different varieties, grown by different technologies, selected in different research farms of the Left Bank of Ukraine. It was found that the mixed technology of cultivation in the early stages of ontogenesis the winter wheat showed an increase in the number chlamydospores, and in the end significantly increased the number conidia, which amounted to 2,29 million units to ml. This is characteristic the K-strategy, which turns into an r-strategy. According to the traditional technology cultivation, was observed a significant increase the number of conidia in all phases of ontogenesis, which was almost 10 times higher than the number chlamydospores on the roots of both varieties winter wheat. This is characteristic of r-strategists, which under the influence of adverse factors are able to rapidly reproduce and spread in agrocenoses. According to the organic technology of cultivation without the introduction preparation, was observed a significant increase the chlamydospores, where most of them were in the phase of reaching winter wheat, which averaged 3,91 million units to ml, while the number of conidia was 0,35 million units to ml, which is characteristic L-strategists. According to the organic technology of cultivation from the introduction of biological preparations in crops winter wheat, was observed a significant increase the chlamydospores during the growing season, which was from 1,02 to 1,41 million units to ml, while sporeformation conidia was less and ranged from 0,73 to 0,98 million units to ml. It should be noted that this technology was observe the smallest number of infectious structures during ontogeny plant. It is characteristic of K-trategists that when the resistance of the medium increases, it is not an increase in the rate of reproduction, but a decrease in the rate of extinction, which ensures the existence of the strain. Therefore, in the process of selection the varieties plant for resistance to phytopathogenic fungi, it is advisable to evaluate cultivated varieties plant in impact on sporeformation and life strategies the micromycetes, which will create sustainable ecosystems in agrophytocenoses.

ANALYSIS OF DENDROFLORA OF THE PARK OF THE HEALTH RESORT KVITKA POLONYNY (TRANSCARPATHIAN REGION)

2024-01-23T11:35:58+02:00

Parks play a significant role in the formation of an optimal living environment, and within the limits of health resort facilities, they increase medical and health-improving functions. The health resort “Kvitka Polonyny” was established in 1965. There have been no studies of the condition and composition of tree and shrub plantations within the green plantings of the park. Such studies are extremely important for the preservation and, if necessary, for the development of recommendations for green spaces restoration and reconstruction, which are an important part of the comfort, relaxation and recovery of recreation facilities. The purpose of our research is establishing the peculiarities of the available dendroflora of the park of the health resort “Kvitka Polonyny” and assessing their current state. The taxonomic composition of the park dendroflora has been studied and it has been established that 1,139 woody plants, which are arranged into two divisions, 39 families, 76 genera, which are represented by 136 species and 31 cultivars, grow on its territory. In its composition, introducers make up 68% of all detected species. A complete list of discovered woody plants and names of cultivars used in various landscape compositions of the park has been represented. Floristic analysis has shown the predominance of species of North American and East Asian origin. It has been established that trees and shrubs are represented in almost the same number, and only 4 types of vines have been found. The assessment of the quality of the tree and shrub species of the park indicates that the vast majority of plants (1,124 specimens) are in good condition. As a result of the surveys, it has been discovered that forest park, park and natural landscapes have been formed on the territory of “Kvitka Polonyny” health resort. Unformed plantations are an ambiguous structural category of the park, which consist of 4% of all trees. The scientific novelty of the research results: for the first time a comprehensive analysis of dendroflora of the park of the health resort “Kvitka Polonyny” has been carried out, which provides useful information for the theory and practice of a park construction and educational process. The taxonomic, biomorphological and floristic composition of the dendroflora has been investigated, and the types of landscapes have been identified. A complete list of discovered species of plants and cultivars has been provided, as well as their life status has been analysed. Practical significance of the research results: the analysis of the dendroflora composition will be applied in the educational process; plant care measures have been proposed, including replacing individual plants that have lost their functional and decorative value, improving the landscape planning structure and functional zoning of the territory, and removing all invasive species of the trees-producers Ailanthus altissima.

FORMATION OF A LOCAL LEVEL ECOLOGICAL NETWORK ON THE EXAMPLE OF DESIGNING THE ECOLOGICAL NETWORK OF THE VIZHNYTSIA DISTRICT OF THE CHERNIVTSI REGION

2024-01-23T11:39:46+02:00

Forming an ecological network represents a highly efficient approach to safeguarding biological and landscape diversity. Nevertheless, while this matter is frequently brought up at national and regional scales, it still demands the involvement of scientists at the local level. In the context of decentralisation reform, ensuring an environmentally safe environment has become a concern for community leaders. This makes the development and study of ecological networks both scientifically relevant and practically significant. After all, to achieve sustainable development, it is imperative to establish an environmental development strategy that enables a territorial community to operate at full capacity. The article presents a proposal for an ecological network in the recently established Vyzhnytsia administrative district of the Chernivtsi region. The proposal includes specific details down to the level of territorial communities and considers the region’s geographical features, population diversity, and economic development. The Vyzhnytsia district contains several elements of the local ecological network, including key areas such as forests, ecological corridors such as watercourses, rivers, their valleys, floodplain and meadow areas, as well as protective or transitional buffer zones which may include hayfields, pastures and less frequently cultivated agricultural fields. Such buffer zones contribute towards support for areas that are immediately surrounding human activity. The woodlands of the Pokutsko-Bukovyna Carpathians and the Bukovyna foothills constitute the natural nucleus of the local ecological network of the Vyzhnytsia district. Additionally, there are restoration areas such as the National Parks «Vyzhnytskyi» and «Cheremoskyi», and the Zubrovytsia Reserve. Three main hydrological eco-corridors have been identified in the area, namely the Cheremosh eco-corridor, the Siret eco-corridor, and the Suceava eco-corridor (the latter two are interstate). The Bukovyna Ecocorridor, which was established by specialists from Vyzhnytsia National Park and zoologists from the Zubrovytsia Reserve following research in 2010, deserves particular attention. Several local eco-corridors have been identified, including Putyla, Mihidra-Mikhoderka, Korytnytsia, Berezhnytsia-Berezhonka, Psyareva, Hlybochok and Brusnytsia, all of which are integral components of both regional and national ecological networks.

EVALUATION OF WATER QUALITY OF THE STUBELKA RIVER ACCORDING TO PHYTOPLANKTON INDICATORS BY

2024-01-23T11:44:29+02:00

Phytoplankton, as the primary link of the trophic chain, quickly reacts to climatic, hydrological, hydrochemical and other changes occurring in the aquatic ecosystem. The immediate reaction of phytoplankton, which is reflected in the restructuring of structural and functional parameters (species richness, ratio of departments, number of species, Shannon’s index, average cell mass, dominants and subdominants), allows the most accurate assessment of water quality and the state of the aquatic ecosystem. The aim of the study was to assess the water quality of the Stubelka River by phytoplankton indicator species. The article analyzes the seasonal changes of the phytoplankton of the Stubelka River and reveals 109 species of algae, represented by 111 intraspecific taxa, 8 divisions, 14 classes, 32 orders, 43 families, and 75 genera. It is shown that the phytoplankton of the Stubelka River is formed by Bacillariophyta (46.8% of the total number of species), Chlorophyta (27.9%), Cyanobacteria (8.1%) and Euglenozoa (8.1%). It was established that the biomass of phytoplankton varies from 0.21 mg/dm3 (October) to 1.04 mg/dm3 (June), and the number – from 714 thousand cells/dm3 (October) to 3424 thousand cells/dm3 (August). The Shannon index varies by biomass from 3.97 b/mg to 4.80 b/mg, and by abundance – from 3.15 b/c to 4.74 b/c. The polydominant structure of phytoplankton prevails in the river. According to the saprobicity index (1.55–2.04), the water of the Stubelka River varies from the α-oligosaprobic to the β-mesosaprobic zone and corresponds to the II-III quality classes (clean, moderately polluted). The core of the phytoplankton of the Stubelka River is formed by benthic and planktonic-benthic species that are slow-flowing in terms of water saturation with oxygen and rheophilicity, and are indifferent in relation to water content and temperature. Indifferents and alkaliphiles predominate in relation to pH. The largest number of autotrophic species that can withstand high concentrations of nitrogen-containing organic compounds was found. According to the level of trophicity, mesoeutrophic species make up 41%. Species-indicators of organic water pollution (according to the Watanabe system) are mainly represented by eurysamples (moderately polluted waters), and according to the Pantle-Book system (in the modification of Sladecek), the largest number of beta-mesosaprobionts. It was established that the water of the Stubelka River belongs to the III quality class (moderately polluted) in terms of the level of organic pollution.

INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF WATER CIRCULATION ACIDIFICATION ON EFFLUENT SULPHATE ION DISCHARGES

2024-01-23T11:47:35+02:00

The paper is devoted to the study of the impact of the acidification technology by stabilisation treatment (ST) with sulphuric acid (H2SO4) of cooling water of the water circulation system (WCS) on the discharge of sulphate ions (SO4 2-) with return water and the impact of water discharge on surface waters. The subject of the study is SO4 2- content in the surface water of the Styr River and the process water of the Rivne NPP (RNPP), the subject of the study is the ST with use H2SO4 for WCS and its impact on the SO4 2- discharge with the return water of the RNPP. The aim of the study is to investigate the ST technology of the RNPP using H2SO4 and to determine the SO4 2- contamination of the surface water of the Styr River caused by the ST used at the RNPP and to determine the influence of a nuclear power plant (NPP) operation modes on the minimisation of SO4 2- sources. The relevance of the work is due to the need to implement measures to protect water resources from pollution and their rational use in water treatment technologies of NPPs WCS. Minimising the environmental impact by reducing the use of reagents for the ST, which is considered in the study, is important in view of the sustainable development of the energy sector. The paper presents the results of research and analysis of H2SO4 dosing to ensure the water chemical regime (WCR), the ST with H2SO4 regime allows to neutralisе the alkalinity of the cooling water of the cooling plant due to the content of bicarbonate (HCO3 -) and carbonate (CO3 2-) ions and to convert part of the calcium ions bound to HCO3 - and CO3 2- ions to constant hardness. The use of H2SO4 for ST may be appropriate for water treatment to reduce scale in the cooling water system, according to the criteria for acidification of makeup cooling water, which is determined by the dosing criterion. The practical significance of the work is the introduction of the technological regime of cooling water treatment at RNPP to ensure the maintenance of optimal quality indicators of cooling water treatment, reduction of H2SO4 consumption and minimisation of SO4 2- discharges into the water body – the Styr River. In general, the results of the study indicate that the ST WCS RNPP has no environmental impact on the Styr River water body. The study can be applied to any power plant that with WCS uses the technology of acidification of the ST using H2SO4.

IMPACT OF IPS ACUMINATUS GYLL., IPS SEXDENTATUS BOERN. ON FOREST ECOSYSTEMS OF THE REGIONAL LANDSCAPE PARK «YALIVSHCHYNA» (CHERNIHIV)

2024-01-23T11:52:16+02:00

Forest ecosystems of nature reserve objects within urban territories are insufficiently studied in modern nature conservation science and require further research. The basics of planting urban green zones are the most important and effective means of forming a microclimate, and also act as an ecologically stabilizing factor of the territorial environment. Mass reproduction and spread over large areas of trunk pests on Pinus sylvestris L. trees under the influence of a complex of environmental factors is one of the significant factors that destroy the structure of forest ecosystems and contribute to their further destruction and change in the species composition of stands. We have established that pests of the Ipidae family play a leading role in the entire base of pine plantations within Chernihiv Polissya, namely in the territory of the regional landscape park «Yalivshchyna» (hereinafter - the park). They inhabit weakened trees as a result of natural and climatic changes and strong anthropogenic stress. Within the park, Pinus sylvestris trees grow in significantly changed, heavily anthropogenic forest vegetation conditions, which disrupts the analysis of the complex of site growth characteristics and the actual state of the vegetation as a whole. During the survey, we identified areas in the park that were damaged by Ips acuminatus, I. sexdentatus, which caused the gradual degradation of pine plantations and the formation of dryness. On the basis of our own monitoring studies and analysis, the results of the practical application of complex technological, biotechnical and nature protection measures to combat stem pests based on plantations in nature-protected areas within urban systems are shown for the first time. We have proven that for ecological sustainability as the basis of the grouping of the territory of Chernihiv Polissya, in particular, the park «Yalivshchyna» (Chernihiv) and to reduce the negative impact of xylophagous insects, it is necessary to design and use preventive and biological methods of combating stem pests.

PREDICTION OF PARAMETERS OF OIL MIGRATION DUE TO ITS CONTINUOUS FLOW INTO A MOUNTAIN RIVER (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE STRYI RIVER)

2024-01-23T11:56:27+02:00

The Stryi River, the largest Carpathian tributary of the Dniester River, through which 5 oil pipelines and 1 product pipeline run, is subject to significant anthropogenic impacts. This leads to an increase in environmental risk and an increase in the likelihood of accidents in the event of a release of pollutants, including hydrocarbons. The main objective of the study is to predict the migration parameters of hydrocarbon pollutants, using oil from the Carpathian oil and gas region as an example. To achieve this goal, we used theoretical (analysis, synthesis, comparison), field (profile and morphological) and experimental (observation, gravimetric) research methods. Using a mathematical model that takes into account the influence of bottom sediments, a comprehensive study of oil migration due to its constant release into a mountain river was conducted. The migration model includes two equations that accurately describe the movement of pollutants in the river system, taking into account factors such as flow velocity, diffusion, sorption, and desorption by river sediments. Using laboratory experiments, the distribution parameters that determine the behavior of oil in the water-sediment system were determined. Using advanced computer modeling, detailed spatial and temporal profiles of oil concentration in both water and sediments were created. Consistent patterns in changes in the concentration of oil hydrocarbons were established, which are closely related to the specific composition of the river bottom sediments. In particular, it was found that at 30 minutes after the start of continuous inflow, the maximum content of oil hydrocarbons is 0.84 g/dm3. At the mouth of the Stryi River, the maximum oil hydrocarbon content at 30 minutes is 0.72 g/dm3. In addition, it was determined that the rate of spreading of hydrocarbon pollutants through the river system is less than the average flow rate, which confirms the influence of bottom sediments on the migration parameters of these pollutants and the importance of taking them into account when predicting in emergency situations. The found parameters of migration of hydrocarbon pollutants can be extrapolated to various other river systems in mountainous regions.

SYNTAXONOMIC COMPOSITION AND ANALYSIS OF HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATION OF COASTAL WATER AND AQUATIC VEGETATION ECOSYSTEMS OF THE FLOODPLAIN OF THE SNOV, REVNA, AND IRPA RIVERS WITHIN THE CHERNIHIV REGION

2024-01-23T10:11:37+02:00

The ability of higher aquatic plants and bottom sediments to accumulate substances in concentrations exceeding their values in the aquatic environment has led to their use in the system of monitoring and control of the state of water bodies. The purpose of the study was to analyse the current state of vegetation and anthropogenic pollution of coastal and aquatic ecosystems of rivers within the Chernihiv region. The research was based on the geobotanical study of ecosystems and chemical analysis of water and bottom sediments for heavy metals, as well as determining the degree of heavy metal contamination of certain plant species. Based on the results, a prodromus of syntaxa of aquatic and riparian vegetation of the ecosystems of the Snov, Revna and Irpa rivers was compiled, which includes 4 classes, 8 orders, 11 unions and 36 associations. The dynamic of content and peculiarities of migration of heavy metals in small rivers of Chernihiv region were analyzed (Zn, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni,Pb). Chemical analysis of water samples showed an excess of iron and manganese in the water of all rivers, and an excess of copper in the bottom sediments ranging from 1.1 to 3 times. The highest levels of copper were found in the organs of Sium latifolium L, zinc – Lemna trisulca L, the content of lead and cadmium did not exceed the background level. A significant increase in zinc content was recorded in all samples – from 12.11 mg/kg (Poa pratensis L) to 22.17 mg/kg (Lemna trisulca L), with a background content of 1.41 mg/kg. Among the ecological groups, the highest coefficient of accumulation of copper, zinc, lead and cadmium was recorded in triborozoan duckweed, which can be considered an accumulative indicator of chemical pollution of water bodies. Elevated background levels of chemical elements in sediments often spatially coincide with the distribution of soil types in the catchment areas that are also characterised by high levels of these elements.

THE INFLUENCE OF GROWTH STIMULATORS AND LASER IRRADIATION ON THE ROOTING OF BUXUS SEMPERVIRENS L.

2024-01-23T10:17:26+02:00

To create landscape compositions of various objects, Buxus sempervirens L. is widely used, as this species lends itself well to shearing, is shade-tolerant and frost-resistant. The most effective and common method of reproduction of Buxus sempervirens L. is vegetative. It is important to study the biological features of the vegetative propagation of the studied species, including the use of phytohormones and LED-laser irradiation, which provides an opportunity to obtain high-quality and stable planting material. The use of laser irradiation is a more ecologically safe and economically beneficial method of growth stimulation, in contrast to the use of phytohormones. The article presents the results of the effect of growth stimulants and laser irradiation on the growth processes and rooting of Buxus sempervirens L. cuttings. The purpose of the work was to experimentally test and compare the effects of growth stimulants and laser irradiation on Buxus sempervirens L. cuttings. The positive effect of cuttings rooting as a result of laser irradiation and growth stimulants, as well as an assessment of the effectiveness of the use of phytohormonal preparations and LED laser irradiation. During the experiment, the influence of growth stimulants on the rooting of Buxus sempervirens L. cuttings was determined. Thus, the cuttings treated with «Heteroauxin» had a high degree of rooting, a uniformly developed and branched root system. Root formation was not observed on cuttings that were not treated with growth stimulants. According to the results of irradiation of cuttings, a positive effect was observed during complex irradiation with red and blue lasers with the longest duration of irradiation. Complex irradiation with a shorter duration or irradiation with a single laser system gave an average rate of root formation. That is, irradiation with LED-lasers and treatment with growth stimulants of Buxus sempervirens L. cuttings before planting in the soil has a positive effect on their rooting. Therefore, it is recommended to use the obtained data of the research work to obtain high-quality planting material of Buxus sempervirens L. with further use in decorative horticulture.

ASSESSMENT OF ALLELIC AND GENOTYPE DIVERSITY OF COWS OF THE ENDANGERED BROWN CARPATIAN BREED BY SOME PRODUCTIVITY GENES

2024-01-23T10:22:10+02:00

The development of modern molecular genetics makes it possible to identify genes that control quantitative and qualitative productive traits of farm animals. The article presents the results of the analysis of allele frequencies and genotypes for candidate genes for meat productivity: thyroglobulin (TG5) and gomatotropin (GH) in animals of the Brown Carpathian breed, which, according to FAO, is under threat of extinction. Today, the mother stock of the Brown Carpathian breed is bred only in private peasant farms. The thyroglobulin gene (TG5) was considered as a functional and positional gene – a candidate for meat marbling due to its influence on fat metabolism. Growth hormone regulates growth and development, initiates and maintains meat production, meat quality. The study used 30 samples of DNA isolated from the venous blood of brown Carpathian cows using the «DNA Sorb-B kit» (AmpliSens). Genotyping was performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR-RFLP) polymorphism analysis of restriction fragment lengths. As a result of the research, it was found that the polymorphism of the TG5 and GH genes is represented by alleles TG5T, TG5C and GHL, GHV and, respectively, by the genotypes TG5TT, TG5TC, TG5CC and GHLL, GHLV, GHVV. For the TG5 gene, an amplified fragment of 548 bp. treated with PsuI restriction enzyme. The high frequency of the TG5T allele was 0.665 and the slightly lower frequency of the TG5C allele was 0.335. When studying the GH gene, the amplification product (223 bp) was treated with the restriction enzyme AluI. It was found that the GHL allele (0.64) and the GHLL homozygous genotype (0.50) were more frequent. The share of homozygous genotypes for both genes was significantly high and amounted to 90% for the TG5 gene, and 73% for the GH gene. The Brown Carpathian breed is one of the few local breeds of domestic cattle, so the emphasis on its carrying of selection-valuable genotypes can attract attention and provide an opportunity to preserve this valuable Ukrainian breed. It can be effectively used for breeding in both dairy and meat farms. The genetic potential of the Brown Carpathian is not exhausted.

ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF THE PLANNED ACTIVITY OF THE SHEVCHENKIV SANDSTONE DEPOSIT OF THE KALUGA DISTRICT OF THE IVANO-FRANKIVSK REGION ON THE FLORA AND FAUNA

2024-01-23T10:40:32+02:00

The article presents the specifics of the planned activity’s influence of the Shevchenkiv sandstone deposit on the flora and fauna of the Kaluska district in Ivano-Frankivsk region. Sandstone mining is carried out by an open-pit mining (quarrying) method. This has a negative impact on the state of biological diversity both in the area where the stone is mined and in the area directly adjacent to it within the sanitary protection zone (SPZ). It has been established that biologically or ecologically valuable species are replaced by species that are more resistant, usually ruder, adventive, and sometimes even aggressive, which not only have no value, but also displace local species. The Shevchenkiv deposit has been in existence since 1975, and is an area on which production activity was already carried out. The current project area allocated for sandstone mining is already mined, located within the transformed communities, in which synanthropic species (adventophytes and anthropophytes) predominate. In some areas, groups were found that were formed with the participation of invasive plants, the analogues of which are absent among the natural vegetation of the Carpathians. A typical representative of such a flora is the himalayan balsam (Impatiens glandulifera L.) and small balsam (Impatiens parviflora DC). Around the quarry of the Shevchenkiv deposit and within the project area allocated for sandstone mining, the most common species are the annual fleabane (Phalacroloma annuum (L.) Dumort.), european goldenrod (Solidago virgaurea L.), wormwood (Artemisia absinthium L.), black nightshade Solanum nigrum L., hop trefoil (Trifolium campestre Schreb), rabbitfoot clover (T. arvense L.), owl-head clover (T. alpestre L.).

MOISTURE AVAILABILITY OF WINTER WHEAT CROPS IN THE FOREST-STEPPE ZONE

2024-01-23T10:49:42+02:00

The results of observations of the moisture availability of winter wheat crops in the period from 2016 to 2021 in the Forest-Steppe zone are presented. A detailed analysis shows the variability of moisture supply throughout the year and the impact of abnormal weather conditions on crop development. In the course of research during 2016-2021, significant fluctuations in the moisture availability of winter wheat crops were revealed, noting its different stages of vegetation. Observations indicate the importance of regular monitoring of soil moisture for crop forecasting and development of land use management strategies. In particular, the importance of taking into account weather aspects and optimizing land use to achieve a sustainable and high yield of winter wheat is noted. The impact of weather conditions on moisture availability and crop development is analyzed in detail. In particular, the importance of mild winters is emphasized, which contributes to sustainable crop growth. Abnormal weather, such as drought and excessive precipitation, which can affect yields, is also taken into account. Our research emphasizes the importance of systematic measurement of moisture availability for effective crop forecasting and development of land use management strategies in a changing climate. The obtained data can be useful for agricultural enterprises and organizations seeking to optimize the processes of winter wheat cultivation and increase the crop’s resistance to extreme weather conditions. It is proved that it is necessary to take into account the high dependence of winter wheat moisture availability on natural factors. Managing the soil water regime and using optimal agronomic strategies contributes to the stability of crop cultivation in the face of climate change.

THE EFFECT OF LEAD (II) IONS ON THE SOWING QUALITIES OF WINTER WHEAT SEEDS OF THE “YUVILEYNA” VARIETY

2024-01-23T10:58:44+02:00

The purpose of the study is to determine the effect of soil contamination with Pb2+ ions on the sowing quality of winter wheat seeds of the “Yuvileyna” variety. Following the goal, the following tasks were solved: soil extracts and solutions were obtained in accordance with the predicted level of pollution and standards of maximum permissible concentrations; as a result of the experiment, the influence of different concentrations of Pb2+ on the germination of wheat seeds was established; the influence of military contamination of the soil with lead salts on the cultivation of the investigated wheat variety was simulated. During the experiment, the level of soil contamination at the place of rupture of the explosive devices (Malyn village) determined by the regulatory documents of the MPC was taken into account. It was established that the studied concentrations of Pb2+ ions do not have a critical toxic effect on the processes of germination of wheat seeds of the “Yuvileyna” variety. The seeds of this wheat variety respond to an increase in the concentration of Pb2+ with typical changes affecting only certain physiological functions that accompany its germination. The dynamics of the change in the length of the primary root is described by a mathematical model that is close to the Gaussian curve and corresponds to the law of the optimum. The ecological optimum at the stage of the beginning of seed germination is observed at a concentration of Pb2+ ions of 7.2 mg/l. In the optimum zone, the average length of the primary root reaches 6.1 mm, the minimum is 3.1 mm, and the maximum is 10 mm. The dynamics of the length of the primary sprout does not show any logical pattern. Generally accepted MPCs do not correspond to the right pessimum for seeds and the first young sprouts of winter wheat. This can be explained by the fact that the maximum permissible concentrations determined by the legislation were calculated from the point of view of safety for the health of the consumer and do not take into account the impact on organisms of substances contained in food products. The obtained results are the beginning of a wide range of further research on the effect of higher concentrations of Pb2+ ions on the physiological processes of plant organisms, and the intensity of growth and development of various agricultural crops at different stages of their ontogenesis.

AGROECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF ENERGY POTENTIAL OF SOILS

2024-01-23T11:15:22+02:00

The energy assessment of various technologies for the production of crop products and agricultural systems is relevant, because it allows to conduct an analysis of a complex process based on the application of aggregated data, and to compare different processes or stages of production according to a unified calculation indicator or coefficient. It consists in determining the ratio of energy costs for the production of plant products to the amount of energy obtained with the harvest at the level of agroecosystems. The production technology should be considered effective if the energy efficiency ratio is higher than 1, since the output of gross energy exceeds the total non-renewable energy consumed. The main idea of this work is to carry out an agroecological assessment of the consequences of conducting modern agriculture for a long time based on the change in the energy potential of soils as the main means of agricultural production. The relevance of conducting agroecological research and the presented results is to determine the energy consumption of humus as a natural reserve and resource for the formation and preservation of the energy potential of the soils of Ukraine in the process of growing agricultural crops. The humus balance of the arable soil layer, the gross energy accumulated by the economically valuable part of the harvest of the main agricultural crops, the change in the energy intensity of the soil according to the content of organic carbon and the amount of manure, energetically equivalent to the indicator of the decrease in the energy intensity of the soil during 1990–2021 on the scale of the country and administrative regions, were determined. An informative indicator that characterizes the agroecological efficiency of farming is proposed – the coefficient of change in the energy potential of the soil in relation to the formation of crop yields (КΔеs). This is the ratio of the change in the energy capacity of the soil to the gross energy of the crop of the studied crops, including the main and by-products of crop production, expressed in %. Also, the energy of the main and secondary products of plants, which is removed from the soil, is separately allocated. It has been established that currently in most regions of Ukraine, the production of crop products is ineffective in the context of preserving the energy potential of the soil. During 2000–2021, the energy density of soils in Ukraine decreases annually by 11.0–39.9 GJ/ha. Only in 1990, a positive balance of humus was found – 115.8 kg/ha, or in energy equivalent – 2.5 GJ/ha. The negative value of KΔes on the formation of the crop of the studied crops was revealed in all administrative regions of Ukraine. The lowest rate is in Chernihiv (–48%), Zhytomyr (–45%) and Ivano-Frankivsk (–39%) regions. The amount of manure, which is energetically equivalent to the indicator of the decrease in energy intensity of the soils per unit area, is 26.3–95.0 t/ha/year.

FEATURES OF ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF CLIMATIC FACTORS ON AGRICULTURAL CROP YIELDS: CASE OF CHERNIHIV REGION

2024-01-23T10:25:02+02:00

Climate change is a significant factor affecting the productivity of agricultural crops. Objective assessment of this impact is a difficult task; it is important for food security and effective use of the region’s agricultural potential. This has prompted a study to identify the actual influence of climatic trends on the productivity of agricultural crops in Chernihiv region. The study was based on indicators of yield dynamics of five agricultural crops, two climatic and five agrotechnical and economic indicators of Chernihiv region over 2001–2020. This period was characterized by significant changes in climatic characteristics, and its duration is sufficient for objective scientific analysis. The influence of the climatic factor on the variation in crops productivity was evaluated using canonical analysis. Its results indicate that the contribution of the climatic factor to the fluctuation of the yield of the main agricultural crops of Chernihiv region is 30%. Among the climatic characteristics, the thermal regime had a greater impact on yield, especially during 2011–2020. It turned out that almost 70% of the variation in yields of five agricultural crops in the region is determined by agrotechnical and economic factors. This indicates that the contribution of climatic factors may be overestimated when the role of other factors is ignored. At the same time, the obtained results do not refute the established statement about the growing influence of climate trends on the productivity of agricultural crops. In Chernihiv region, this has manifested in the spatial expansion of a number of liquid agricultural crops to the north of the region and in a significant increase in the gross harvest of these crops. The climate change in 2001–2020 has strengthened the natural competitive advantages of Chernihiv region in the market of agricultural producers. The assessment of the climatic factors impact on the crop yields in the region, first conducted using canonical analysis, may become basis to revise the agricultural system for a more effective utilization of the agrarian potential of Chernihiv region.